In Sufi orders, a disciple (murid) whom the guide — shaykh, pir or murshid — has authorized to assist in teaching the path to other students: a delegated local representative of the master, a usage found in the Tijaniyya, Shadhiliyya, Rahmaniyya and related orders. Outside Sufism the same title has named village intermediaries in medieval India and an officer rank in modern Arab armies. The term recurs in the tariqa project's connection threads, which document who held a muqaddam's authorization, where and when.[1]