RCC — Cronologia

Chronology of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal — global origins and the Brazilian movement (1967–present)

An open, source-referenced chronology of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (Renovação Carismática Católica): the 1967 Duquesne origin, the papal receptions, the arrival and boom in Brazil (Rahm, Dougherty, Canção Nova, Shalom), the Brazilian bishops' 1994 guidelines, and the ICCRS→CHARIS institutional arc.

Last updated: 2026-07-30

🗺️ Map 🌱 Diffusion 🏛️ Institutional arc 📊 Numbers

Events over time

How the record is distributed across time. Bar height is the number of recorded events in that decade; the hatched part of a bar is events whose date is not yet verified against a primary source. Select a decade to jump to it in the chronology below.

  1. 11890s
  2. 11900s
  3. 5 decades with no recorded events (1910–1959)
  4. 41960s
  5. 51970s
  6. 41980s
  7. 61990s
  8. 32000s
  9. 52010s
  10. 42020s
33 events, 1895–2026 · 5 with a date not yet verified against a primary source. Gaps are shown as explicit breaks, never compressed away.

Parallel storylines

The chronology read as parallel storylines: one row per lane, one column per decade, each cell the number of that lane’s events in that decade. An event that belongs to several storylines is counted in each, so the rows sum to more than the number of events. Select a number to jump to that decade in the chronology.

These lanes are an editorial reading of this chronology, not a neutral index. They group events by the KIND of act — the movement's origins, acts of the hierarchy, the Brazilian chapter, communities and works, discipline and review, and outside measurement — and deliberately NOT along confessional lines: no lane divides Catholic from Protestant/Pentecostal, because that boundary is contested in the sources and lanes drawn on it would make it look settled. The two pre-1960s events sit in a lane whose own label carries the attribution, because reading them as forerunners is a claim this dataset records rather than adopts. Events belong to several lanes where they belong to several storylines. Each lane states what grounds it; what was considered and left out, and why, is recorded on issue #26.

Storyline1890s1900s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020sEvents
Antecedents (attributed, not adopted) 111 3
Origins of the Renewal 311 5
Acts of the hierarchy 123232 13
The Brazilian chapter 1324222 16
Communities and works 1132111 10
Discipline and review 11 2
Measurement and analysis 112 4
33 events across 7 lanes, 1895–2026 · 53 lane assignments, because an event may belong to more than one storyline. Gaps are shown as explicit breaks, never compressed away.
What each lane is grounded in
  1. Antecedents (attributed, not adopted) — The two events that precede the ~60-year gap in this chronology. Movement accounts read Elena Guerra as a forerunner of the Renewal, and the dataset records the Topeka/Azusa Street revivals as 'context for, not part of' the Catholic movement. This lane holds them so they are visible rather than absent, and its LABEL carries the attribution so the lane cannot be read as the dataset asserting a genealogy. A lane called simply 'precursors' would assert exactly that.[57] [1]
  2. Origins of the Renewal — The movement's own periodization: it dates itself from the February 1967 Duquesne weekend and celebrated a Golden Jubilee on that basis with Francis in 2017. This lane follows that self-dating — one of the two bases issue #26 asked to be chosen between — and so covers the 1967 foundations and the early theological consolidation, not the hierarchy's later acts, which have their own lane.[38]
  3. Acts of the hierarchy — Acts by which the hierarchy positioned itself toward the movement: papal addresses, dicastery recognitions of statutes and communities, a canonisation, a penalty — and the Brazilian bishops' own Document 53. Deliberately NOT called 'Rome', because the CNBB is an episcopal conference and not the Holy See, and collapsing the two would misdescribe the document that most shaped the movement's standing in Brazil.[12] [28]
  4. The Brazilian chapter — This repo's declared second subject — its subtitle names 'global origins AND the Brazilian movement'. Stated plainly: this is a CHAPTER lane, not an act-kind lane like the others, so it deliberately cross-cuts them; the alternative was to let the repo's own second subject have no lane at all. It is not a geographic index — the place data and the map serve that.
  5. Communities and works — Foundations and institutional works — the covenant communities and their federation, the Brazilian communities, and the media works that grew out of them. Grouped as foundations, without ranking them or implying that the international and Brazilian bodies stand in a parent-child relation the sources do not assert.
  6. Discipline and review — Episcopal review of a community and a canonical penalty against a prelate associated with the movement. Kept as its own lane on issue #26's reasoning: folding these into 'communities and works' would soften them, and having no lane for them would hide them. Small by design — two events.
  7. Measurement and analysis — Attributed observations ABOUT the movement rather than acts OF it: survey instruments and social-scientific analysis, plus the movement's own self-reported participant figure. The lane keeps the two vocabularies adjacent but distinct, exactly as the numbers chart does — a self-report and a population share are not the same measurement and the dataset never merges them.[32] [58]

About

Work-in-progress dataset compiled from public sources. Movement sources (RCC Brasil, Canção Nova, CHARIS, ICCRS) are labeled as such in the references; membership numbers are the movement's own and are attributed, never asserted; the 1969-vs-1972 Brazil-arrival divergence is recorded, not resolved; sociological characterizations ('pentecostalization', competition with CEBs) are attributed to their authors. Corrections against primary sources are welcome.

What it is
A movement of 'baptism in the Holy Spirit' spirituality inside the Catholic Church — prayer groups, charisms, expressive worship — born among US university students in 1967 and today present worldwide, with Brazil among its largest national expressions.[1] [7]
Founding moment
The 'Duquesne Weekend', 17–19 February 1967: a retreat of Duquesne University students at The Ark and the Dove (Gibsonia, Pennsylvania) with reported experiences of baptism in the Spirit.[2] [3]
Arrival in Brazil
1969 per the movement's own account (Fr. Haroldo Rahm's prayer courses in Campinas), with national diffusion from 1972 via Fr. Eduardo Dougherty — an academic source (Prandi) writes 'mid-1970s', while another (Souza 2008, citing Prandi and Carranza) writes 'between 1969 and 1970'; the divergence is recorded. ?[7] [9] [64]
Papal reception
Paul VI addressed the movement's Rome congress in 1975 ('a chance for the Church and for the world'); John Paul II received its leaders repeatedly from 1981; Francis created the single service CHARIS in 2019; Leo XIV addressed the Renewal on 30 May 2026.[12] [14] [40] [49]
Brazilian scale
The movement itself claimed ~3.8 million Brazilian participants in 1994 and tens of thousands of prayer groups today (self-reported, attributed); Pew's 2006 survey found more than half of Brazilian Catholics adopting charismatic practices.[7] [32]
International service
ICCRO/ICCRS (statutes approved 1993) served as the Rome office until 2019, when CHARIS — instituted by the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life at Francis's express wish — replaced it; the Vatican frames CHARIS as a new service, not a fusion.[26] [40]

Chronology

Key events in chronological order. A ? flag marks dates not yet verified against a primary source.

5 decades with no recorded events (1910–1959) 1895190119672026
  1. 18951895/1903

    Antecedents (attributed, not adopted)Lucca, Italy / Rome

    Elena Guerra's letters to Leo XIII

    Elena Guerra (1835–1914), founder of the Oblate Sisters of the Holy Spirit, writes thirteen letters to Leo XIII between 1895 and 1903 urging a renewed devotion to the Holy Spirit; the encyclopedia record links the appeal to Leo XIII's 1897 encyclical 'Divinum illud munus', which established the novena to the Holy Spirit between Ascension and Pentecost. Movement bodies — Pentecost Today USA, the US national service committee, publishes the letters in English as a Renewal resource — present her as a forerunner of the Renewal; that lineage is the movement's own reading, recorded as such and not asserted here. A further movement claim, that Leo XIII consecrated the twentieth century to the Holy Spirit by intoning 'Veni Creator' on 1 January 1901, is deliberately NOT recorded: it is carried by movement accounts only and no primary act was located.[56] [57]

  2. 19011901/1906

    Antecedents (attributed, not adopted)Topeka / Los Angeles, USA

    Protestant precursor: modern Pentecostalism

    The Topeka outpouring (1901) and the Azusa Street revival (1906) launch modern Pentecostalism — context for, not part of, the Catholic movement.[1]

  3. 5 decades with no recorded events (1910–1959)
  4. 1967

    Origins of the RenewalCommunities and worksAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA

    The Word of God community founded

    Ralph Martin, Stephen Clark, Jim Cavnar and Gerry Rauch found the Word of God — matrix of the 'covenant communities'.[6]

  5. 19671967-02-17/19

    Origins of the RenewalGibsonia, Pennsylvania, USA

    The Duquesne Weekend

    About 25 students of Duquesne University's Chi Rho group, on retreat at The Ark and the Dove, report experiences of baptism in the Holy Spirit — the founding moment of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Some popular accounts say 17–18 February; 17–19 is the solid dating.[2] [3]

  6. 19671967-03-05

    Origins of the RenewalSouth Bend, Indiana, USA

    The movement reaches Notre Dame

    Two weeks after Duquesne, nine people — among them Kevin and Dorothy Ranaghan — pray for baptism in the Spirit at the University of Notre Dame; the first 'international' gathering follows there on 7–9 April, seed of the annual Notre Dame conferences that would draw tens of thousands in the 1970s.[4] [5]

  7. 1969 ?

    The Brazilian chapterCampinas, Brazil

    Arrival in Brazil (movement's account)

    US Jesuit Fr. Haroldo Rahm begins 'Prayer Courses and Studies on the Holy Spirit' in Campinas in the second half of 1969 — RCC Brasil cites a 15–17 August 1969 experience with about 60 young people — and Brazil's first prayer group is born. The academic literature diverges: Prandi dates the movement's Brazilian take-off to the mid-1970s, while Souza (2008), citing Prandi (1997) and Carranza (2000), writes that the RCC 'arrived in Brazil between 1969 and 1970' with Rahm and Dougherty at Campinas; all datings are recorded.[7] [8] [9] [64]

  8. 1972 ?

    The Brazilian chapterBrazil

    National diffusion begins

    Rahm publishes 'Sereis Batizados no Espírito', presenting 'Catholic Pentecostalism'; Fr. Eduardo Dougherty SJ, ordained 1971, returns to Brazil and spreads retreats and prayer groups across the country (movement's account).[7]

  9. 1973 ?

    The Brazilian chapterCampinas, Brazil

    First National Congress of the RCC

    About 50 leaders meet, organized by Dougherty, Rahm and Sr. Juliette Schuckenbrock; a second congress follows in Belo Horizonte in 1974 (movement's account). The CNLB's affiliate profile likewise places the first congress in mid-1973 in Campinas and the second in January 1974.[7] [44]

  10. 19741974-05-21/26

    Origins of the RenewalMalines, Belgium

    The first Malines Document

    Cardinal Léon-Joseph Suenens convenes theologians (drafting by Kilian McDonnell) and publishes 'Malines Document 1' — the theological-pastoral orientations that gave the movement doctrinal respectability.[10] [11]

  11. 19751975-05-19

    Acts of the hierarchyRome

    Paul VI: 'a chance for the Church'

    At the movement's third international congress in the Holy Year — with a Pentecost Mass in St Peter's on 18 May — Paul VI, addressing the participants in French on 19 May, asks: «Comment alors ce "renouveau spirituel" ne pourrait-il pas être une "chance" pour l'Église et pour le monde?» ('How then could this "spiritual renewal" not be a "chance" for the Church and for the world?'). The address was delivered in French; on vatican.va the Italian and English pages carry no body text, and the French page holds the authoritative original.[12] [13]

  12. 19781978-02-02

    The Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksCachoeira Paulista, Brazil

    Canção Nova founded

    Fr. (later Msgr.) Jonas Abib founds the Canção Nova community — the future media powerhouse of the Brazilian Renewal.[15] [16]

  13. 1980

    The Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksActs of the hierarchyValinhos, Brazil

    Associação do Senhor Jesus

    Fr. Eduardo Dougherty founds the Associação do Senhor Jesus: publications, music and the TV program 'Anunciamos o Senhor'. The same year Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap, a preacher close to the Renewal, is appointed Preacher of the Papal Household by John Paul II — 1980 is confirmed by the Holy See Press Office biography ('nominato da Giovanni Paolo II Predicatore della Casa Pontificia nel 1980'), an independent corroboration of what had been a CHARIS-only dating.[17] [18] [51] [19]

  14. 19811981-05-07

    Acts of the hierarchyRome

    John Paul II receives the leaders' conference

    The pope addresses the fourth international leaders' conference of the Renewal — the first of his repeated receptions.[14]

  15. 19821982-07-09

    The Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksFortaleza, Brazil

    Comunidade Católica Shalom founded

    Moysés Louro de Azevedo Filho opens the 'evangelizing snack bar' in Fortaleza, with Cardinal Lorscheider present — birth of the Shalom community.[20] [21]

  16. 19821982/1983

    Communities and worksAnn Arbor, USA / international

    Sword of the Spirit federation

    A federation of covenant communities grows out of the Word of God (unified association 1982, international entity 1983; 82 communities, 45 Catholic, by 2017). In 1990 the Word of God disaffiliated from the Sword of the Spirit — per Wikipedia and contemporary press, following an order by Bishop Albert Ottenweller after a review of the community's governance. Contemporary press (Christianity Today, 16 Sept 1991; National Catholic Reporter, 18 April 1997) described 'heavy shepherding'/'discipleship' practices; in 1991 co-founder Ralph Martin acknowledged the Sword of the Spirit disciplines had been 'an ill-advised venture' that was 'especially harmful to women' and 'fostered elitism'. A faction led by Stephen Clark then formed a separate community keeping Sword of the Spirit affiliation. These are documented criticisms and a founder's own retrospective, labeled as such — not the site's characterization.[22] [6] [53] [54]

  17. 1990

    The Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksValinhos / Recife, Brazil

    TV Século 21 and Obra de Maria

    Dougherty's association launches the satellite channel TV Século 21 (today Rede Século 21); in Recife, Gilberto Gomes Barbosa founds the Obra de Maria community, focused on pilgrimages and missions.[23] [24] [25]

  18. 19931993-09-14

    Acts of the hierarchyRome

    Pontifical recognition of ICCRS

    The Pontifical Council for the Laity approves the statutes of the movement's international office, renamed ICCRS (International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services).[26] [27]

  19. 1994 ?

    The Brazilian chapterMeasurement and analysisBrazil

    The Brazilian boom

    RCC Brasil itself estimated ~3.8 million participants in 1994 — a self-reported figure, attributed to the movement.[7]

  20. 19941994-11-27

    Acts of the hierarchyThe Brazilian chapterBrazil

    CNBB Document 53

    The Brazilian bishops' conference unanimously approves 'Orientações Pastorais sobre a Renovação Carismática Católica' (the Permanent Council's 34th ordinary meeting, Brasília, 22–25 November 1994, discussed, modified and approved it unanimously; the text is dated 27 November 1994, the First Sunday of Advent, and signed by the Secretary-General, Dom Antônio Celso Queiroz — so 27 November is the date of the document, not of the vote. The study began at the 32nd General Assembly in April 1994 and was completed after consultation with every diocese and dialogue with the RCC's own national commission): it recognizes the movement's fruits while imposing cautions on Bible reading, liturgy, healing practices and the relation to the local Church — the episcopate's principal 'brakes' document. No later CNBB document has superseded it; on its 20th-and-50th-anniversary reflections commentators note Doc 53 remained in force. The full text is published by Edições CNBB (the bishops' own house, digital edition); free full-text reproductions circulate via Catholic sites and a PDF mirror. Read in the full-text PDF mirror this session. Article 21 also provides that the RCC's national coordination shall have a bishop designated by the CNBB as its Spiritual Assistant, to accompany it and assist in matters of national scope 'without prejudice to the authority' of the diocesan bishop — and the document calls that body the Coordenação Nacional (the presentation says Comissão Nacional), not the Conselho Nacional the movement uses today.[28] [52] [29] [30]

  21. 19951995-09-23

    Discipline and reviewCommunities and worksActs of the hierarchyGaithersburg, Maryland, USA

    Mother of God Community placed under review

    The Mother of God Community (Gaithersburg, Maryland; traced to a 1966 prayer awakening among laywomen at Our Lady of Mercy, Potomac) is reviewed at the instruction of Cardinal James A. Hickey, Archbishop of Washington, who in 1994 ordered both a self-assessment and an outside assessment. Per the encyclopedia record the external reviewer, Sr. Elizabeth McDonough, reported that members and former members described overreaching control by community leaders, including arranged marriages and scrutiny of members' finances. On 23 September 1995 Hickey addressed the community, calling it 'a gift from the Lord' while stating that lay people within it 'had too much personal authority over other people's lives', asking for leadership changes and for personal information on members to be destroyed. These are the archdiocese's and the reviewer's findings as reported, attributed — not this site's characterization. A wave-10 mining report gave the address as 25 September and named a 'Baltimore' bishop 'Nathan Hickey'; the source consulted here gives 23 September, Washington, and James A. Hickey.[60]

  22. 19981998-07/09

    The Brazilian chapterSão Paulo, Brazil

    Padre Marcelo Rossi's record album

    'Músicas para Louvar ao Senhor', recorded at Masses of the young priest Marcelo Rossi and released by PolyGram, sells over 3.3 million copies — the best-selling album in Brazilian phonographic history — inaugurating the era of stadium Masses and charismatic mass media.[31]

  23. 20062006-09-24/26

    Discipline and reviewActs of the hierarchyWashington DC / Rome

    Emmanuel Milingo excommunicated

    Emmanuel Milingo, Archbishop of Lusaka from 1969 to 1983 and internationally known for a healing and exorcism ministry, was transferred to Rome in 1983 — per the encyclopedia record over what were described as inappropriate use of his office of exorcism and a role in causing divisions. He married Maria Sung in 2001 in a ceremony presided over by Sun Myung Moon of the Unification Church, drawing a public canonical admonition from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger in July 2001. On 24 September 2006 he consecrated four married men as bishops without papal mandate; the Holy See Press Office announced the resulting latae sententiae excommunication on 26 September 2006, and he was dismissed from the clerical state on 17 December 2009. Recorded because his charismatic healing ministry made him a widely cited figure in and around the Renewal; the canonical judgments are the Holy See's, reported as such.[61]

  24. 20062006-10

    Measurement and analysisThe Brazilian chapterUSA (survey, 10 countries)

    Pew: a 'pentecostalized' Brazil

    The Pew Forum's 'Spirit and Power' survey finds 'renewalists' comprising roughly half of Brazil's population, and more than half of Brazilian Catholics adopting charismatic elements (divine healing, tongues, expressive worship) — the analysts' framing of a 'pentecostalization' of Brazilian Catholicism is theirs, not the movement's.[32] [33]

  25. 20082008-10/11

    Acts of the hierarchyThe Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksRome

    Canção Nova recognized by the Holy See

    The Pontifical Council for the Laity recognizes Canção Nova as an international private association of the faithful (decree ad experimentum; definitive recognition later — the dates are distinct).[46]

  26. 20122012-02-22

    Acts of the hierarchyThe Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksRome

    Shalom's definitive pontifical recognition

    The Shalom community receives definitive pontifical recognition.[20] [21]

  27. 20142010s ?

    Measurement and analysisThe Brazilian chapterBrazil

    The RCC and Brazilian politics (analysts' account)

    Social scientists (Carranza and others) describe the RCC's 'Ministério Fé e Política' backing charismatic candidates — e.g. federal deputy Diego Garcia (elected 2014, 2018) — as a response to Pentecostal political growth; the studies also record heterogeneous and internally contested engagement. The framing is the researchers', attributed. The movement's own governing text sets limits the analysts' framing does not describe: Instrução Normativa n.º 04/2021 of the RCC Brasil National Council (20 January 2021, revoking IN 03/2019) regulates the ministry during general elections and requires that MFP coordinators at every level hold no elective mandate, no commissioned or parliamentary advisory post, and no place on a party executive — while warning coordinators against 'o risco de instrumentalização de sua função' for party-political ends. Both accounts are recorded as their authors state them; neither is adjudicated here. The same peer-reviewed study describes the movement's structure as a lay hierarchy of coordinations at national, state and diocesan level, each supported by a council, with the national council defining the RCC's projects and overseeing the prayer groups that form its base — and records that the Ministério Fé e Política is neither present in every state nor uniform where it exists, with internal disagreement about institutionalised electoral involvement. It dates the first institutionalised charismatic insertion in a Paraná election to 2010; the candidates supported are named in the study and are not reproduced here.[34] [35] [36]

  28. 20142014-11-13

    Measurement and analysisLatin America (survey)

    Pew: 'charismatic' Catholics across Latin America

    Pew Research Center publishes 'Religion in Latin America' (fieldwork October 2013 – February 2014), reporting that a median of 40% of Catholics across Latin America describe themselves as 'charismatic'. Reported exposure to charismatic practice at Mass varies sharply: majorities in the Dominican Republic (77%), Honduras (61%) and Paraguay (60%) said they had witnessed such practices, while majorities in Uruguay (63%), Argentina (61%) and Puerto Rico (60%) said they never occur in their services. The 'charismatic' label is the survey's and is self-reported; these are a survey's figures, not the movement's, and are not comparable with movement membership counts. A wave-10 mining report attributed to this study a 58% figure for Brazil and about 20% for Argentina; neither was confirmed on the report page fetched for this entry, so neither is recorded.[58]

  29. 20172017-06-03

    Acts of the hierarchyOrigins of the RenewalRome (Circus Maximus)

    Golden Jubilee with Francis

    An ecumenical Pentecost vigil with Pope Francis at the Circus Maximus gathers ~50,000 charismatics and Pentecostals from over 125 countries, with preaching by Cantalamessa and pastor Giovanni Traettino.[38] [39]

  30. 20192018-12-08/2019-06-09

    Acts of the hierarchyRome

    CHARIS replaces ICCRS

    The Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life institutes CHARIS (Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service) at Francis's express wish; its statutes take effect at Pentecost 2019, when ICCRS and the Catholic Fraternity cease activities. The Vatican insists it is a new service, not a fusion. Francis receives the leaders on 8 June 2019.[40] [41] [42]

  31. 20222022-12-12

    The Brazilian chapterCommunities and worksCachoeira Paulista, Brazil

    Death of Msgr. Jonas Abib

    Canção Nova's founder dies at 85.[15]

  32. 2024

    The Brazilian chapterCampinas, Brazil

    Death of Fr. Haroldo Rahm

    The pioneer of the Brazilian Renewal — and founder of the Fazenda do Senhor Jesus addiction-recovery work — dies in Campinas.[47] [48]

  33. 20242024-10-20

    Acts of the hierarchyAntecedents (attributed, not adopted)Rome

    Canonisation of Elena Guerra

    Elena Guerra, beatified on 26 April 1959 by John XXIII, is canonised by Francis on 20 October 2024. Movement accounts read the canonisation as recognition of a forerunner of the Renewal; the canonisation is a documented act, the lineage reading is the movement's.[56]

  34. 20262026-05-30

    Acts of the hierarchyRome

    Leo XIV addresses the Renewal

    Leo XIV — who accompanied the Renewal during his Peruvian episcopate — receives the RCC/CHARIS, speaking on baptism in the Spirit, praise, communion and mission; he had presided at the Pentecost Mass of the Jubilee of Movements on 8 June 2025.[49] [50]

Events on the map

Every recorded event that names a place, placed at that place. Marker area grows with the number of events there; an event naming more than one place appears at each. Select a marker to jump to its first decade in the chronology.

Lucca, Italy: 1 event, first recorded 1895 Rome, Italy: 10 events, first recorded 1895 Los Angeles, California, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1901 Topeka, Kansas, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1901 Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: 2 events, first recorded 1967 Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1967 South Bend, Indiana, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1967 Campinas, Brazil: 3 events, first recorded 1969 (date not yet verified) Brazil: 4 events, first recorded 1972 (date not yet verified) Mechelen (Malines), Belgium: 1 event, first recorded 1974 Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil: 2 events, first recorded 1978 Valinhos, Brazil: 2 events, first recorded 1980 Fortaleza, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1982 Recife, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1990 Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1995 São Paulo, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1998 Washington, DC, USA: 1 event, first recorded 2006 Rome — Circus Maximus: 1 event, first recorded 2017

marker area = number of recorded events · hollow marker = country-level location (approximate centre, not a specific site) · dashed marker = the first date recorded there is not yet verified against a primary source · Basemap: Natural Earth (public domain).

31 events at 18 mapped places, first recorded 1895–2017. 2 events have a non-geographic scope (e.g. worldwide) and are deliberately not mapped.
Mapped places
  1. Lucca, Italy: 1 event, first recorded 1895
  2. Rome, Italy: 10 events, first recorded 1895
  3. Los Angeles, California, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1901
  4. Topeka, Kansas, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1901
  5. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: 2 events, first recorded 1967
  6. Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1967
  7. South Bend, Indiana, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1967
  8. Campinas, Brazil: 3 events, first recorded 1969 ?
  9. Brazil: 4 events, first recorded 1972 ? country-level, approximate
  10. Mechelen (Malines), Belgium: 1 event, first recorded 1974
  11. Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil: 2 events, first recorded 1978
  12. Valinhos, Brazil: 2 events, first recorded 1980
  13. Fortaleza, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1982
  14. Recife, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1990
  15. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: 1 event, first recorded 1995
  16. São Paulo, Brazil: 1 event, first recorded 1998
  17. Washington, DC, USA: 1 event, first recorded 2006
  18. Rome — Circus Maximus: 1 event, first recorded 2017

Diffusion of the Renewal — a branching timeline

How the 1967 Duquesne experience spread: to the US campuses within weeks, to Brazil at the end of the decade, and — from the Brazilian trunk — into the new communities that now define the movement's public face. Fork years mark first foundation; the Brazil arrival date is itself contested and is flagged on the figure.

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2026 Duquesne Weekend · 1967 US campuses — Notre Dame / Ann Arbor · 1967 Brazil — 1969 (movement) vs 1972 (diffusion) · 1969 Canção Nova · 1978 Associação do Senhor Jesus · 1980 Comunidade Católica Shalom · 1982 Obra de Maria · 1990
  1. Duquesne Weekend (1967) — About 25 Duquesne University students report baptism in the Holy Spirit at The Ark and the Dove (Gibsonia, PA) on 17–19 February 1967 — the founding moment of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal.[2] [3]
  2. US campuses — Notre Dame / Ann Arbor (1967) — Within weeks the movement reaches Notre Dame (March 1967, the Ranaghans) and, at Ann Arbor, the Word of God community is founded — the matrix of the covenant communities and of the annual Notre Dame conferences.[4] [5] [6]
  3. Brazil — 1969 (movement) vs 1972 (diffusion) (1969) — Arrival is contested and recorded, not resolved: RCC Brasil dates Fr. Haroldo Rahm's first Campinas prayer group to the second half of 1969, and national diffusion via Fr. Eduardo Dougherty to 1972; the academic literature (Prandi) places the Brazilian take-off in the mid-1970s. The fork is drawn at the movement's 1969 date; the divergence is labeled on the figure.[7] [8] [9]
  4. Canção Nova (1978) — Fr. (later Msgr.) Jonas Abib founds the Canção Nova community at Cachoeira Paulista — the future media powerhouse of the Brazilian Renewal.[15] [45]
  5. Associação do Senhor Jesus (1980) — Fr. Eduardo Dougherty founds the Associação do Senhor Jesus (Valinhos): publications, music and television.[17] [18]
  6. Comunidade Católica Shalom (1982) — Moysés Louro de Azevedo Filho opens the 'evangelizing snack bar' in Fortaleza — birth of the Shalom community (definitive pontifical recognition 2012).[20] [21]
  7. Obra de Maria (1990) — Gilberto Gomes Barbosa founds the Obra de Maria community in Recife, focused on pilgrimages and missions.[24] [25]

Institutional arc

Two parallel institutional lines. The international service passed from ICCRO to ICCRS (statutes 1993) to CHARIS (2019) — the Vatican's own formulation is that CHARIS is a new service, not a fusion, shown here as a dashed step rather than a continuation. The covenant-communities line runs from the Word of God (Ann Arbor, 1967) into the Sword of the Spirit federation, from which the Word of God withdrew in 1990.

Direct continuation / founding A distinct step — a new service or a withdrawal, not a fusion/continuation

International service (the Rome office)

From the movement's coordinating office to the Holy See's single international service.[26] [40]

  • ICCRO International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Office — Brussels, then Rome[26]
    • ICCRS statutes approved by the Pontifical Council for the Laity, 14 September 1993[26] [27]
      • new service, not fusion CHARIS instituted 2019 by the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life[40] [41]
        ICCRS and the Catholic Fraternity ceased activities at Pentecost 2019; the Vatican frames CHARIS as a new service, not a fusion of the two.

Covenant communities (international)

The Word of God matrix, the Sword of the Spirit federation, and the 1990 withdrawal.[6] [22]

  • Word of God Ann Arbor, 1967 — matrix of the covenant communities[6]
    • Sword of the Spirit federation of covenant communities, 1982/83[22]
      • 1990 withdrawal Word of God withdraws 1990[22] [6] [53] [54]
        The Word of God disaffiliated from the Sword of the Spirit in 1990; a faction led by Stephen Clark kept the affiliation. Contemporary press (Christianity Today 1991, National Catholic Reporter 1997) described 'heavy shepherding' practices; co-founder Ralph Martin (1991) called the disciplines 'an ill-advised venture' — documented criticism, labeled as such.

How big is the Renewal? — contested numbers

Two different questions, two different methods. The movement counts its own participants; Pew surveys the whole population. Both bear on 'how big is the Brazilian Renewal', but they are not the same measurement — so each series keeps its own axis, its own unit and its own source label, and they are never stacked on one scale.

These series use different units (absolute participants vs. share of a population) and different methods (movement self-report vs. external survey). They are shown on separate axes and are not directly comparable — only their sources make either number meaningful.

Brazilian participants — the movement's own estimate RCC Brasil — movement self-report
axis: 0–4 million participants
1994 ≈ 3.8 million participants (1994, self-reported)
024
'Renewalists' in Brazil — an external survey Pew Research Center — 'Spirit and Power' survey
axis: 0–100 % share
2006 ≈ half of Brazil's population are 'renewalists'
2006 more than half of Brazilian Catholics adopt charismatic practices
050100
  1. Brazilian participants — the movement's own estimate — reported by RCC Brasil — movement self-report, in million participants[7]
  2. 'Renewalists' in Brazil — an external survey — reported by Pew Research Center — 'Spirit and Power' survey, in % share[32] [33]

Key figures

Ralph Keifer and William Storey

Keifer d. 1987 · USA

Lay professors at Duquesne; among the first Catholics 'baptized in the Spirit' (January–February 1967); Storey carried the movement to Notre Dame.[3] [4]

Patti Gallagher Mansfield

USA

Student at the Duquesne Weekend and its memorialist ('As by a New Pentecost'); a living reference of the movement.[2]

Kevin and Dorothy Ranaghan

USA

Notre Dame couple; authors of 'Catholic Pentecostals' (1969); organizers of the national conferences.[4]

Léon-Joseph Suenens

1904–1996 · Belgium

Cardinal-archbishop of Malines-Brussels; the movement's episcopal patron; convener of the Malines Documents (1974–).[10]

Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap

b. 1934 · Italy

Preacher of the Papal Household 1980–2024, appointed by John Paul II — the year is confirmed by the Holy See Press Office biography, independent of the movement's own sources (created cardinal 2020); the theological voice closest to the Renewal.[51] [19]

Haroldo Rahm SJ

1919–2024 · USA/Brazil

Texan Jesuit; initiator of the Brazilian Renewal (Campinas, 1969, per the movement's account); founder of the Fazenda do Senhor Jesus recovery farms; died 2024.[47] [48]

Eduardo Dougherty SJ

b. 1941 · USA/Brazil

New Orleans-born Jesuit; co-diffuser of the Renewal in Brazil from 1972; founder of the Associação do Senhor Jesus (1980) and Rede Século 21 (1990).[17]

Jonas Abib

1936–2022 · Brazil

Salesian-formed priest, later monsignor; founder of Canção Nova (1978); died 12 December 2022 at 85.[15]

Marcelo Rossi

b. 1967 · Brazil

São Paulo priest; holder of Brazil's all-time record album (1998); face of the mass-media charismatic wave.[31]

Moysés Azevedo and Gilberto Barbosa

Brazil

Lay Brazilian founders of the new communities Shalom (Fortaleza, 1982) and Obra de Maria (Recife, 1990).[20] [24]

Michelle Moran, Pino Scafuro and Jean-Luc Moens

UK / Italy / Belgium

Moran: ICCRS president to 2017; Moran and Scafuro were charged by Francis in 2016 with designing the single service; Moens: first CHARIS moderator (2019); Scafuro: moderator ad interim since 7 May 2021.[19] [43]

Elena Guerra

Italy

Italian religious of Lucca (1835–1914), founder of the Oblate Sisters of the Holy Spirit; wrote thirteen letters to Leo XIII between 1895 and 1903 urging renewed devotion to the Holy Spirit. Beatified 26 April 1959 by John XXIII; canonised 20 October 2024 by Francis. Movement bodies present her as a forerunner of the Renewal — their reading, recorded as such.[56] [57]

Francis MacNutt

USA

Dominican priest (1925–2020), prominent in the Renewal's healing-prayer ministry from the late 1960s. Left the Dominican Order to marry in February 1980; received a dispensation in 1993, when the marriage was celebrated in church. Died 12 January 2020, aged 94. A wave-10 report placed his baptism in the Spirit at a 1967 Tennessee retreat; that detail is unconfirmed and is not recorded.[62]

Michael Scanlan TOR

USA

Franciscan (1931–2017); president of the College of Steubenville — later Franciscan University of Steubenville — from 1974 for 26 years, then chancellor, and a leading figure of the US charismatic covenant-community movement with roles in the Word of God and the Sword of the Spirit. Per the encyclopedia record he led the Servants of Christ the King community until he was asked to step down in 1991 amid concerns about control over members' personal lives — attributed criticism, not this site's characterization. Died 7 January 2017, aged 85.[63]

Related organizations

RCC Brasil

The national structure: National Council, state and diocesan coordinations, ministries; affiliated to the national laity council (CNLB). RCC Brasil's official history now lists the National Council presidents: Francisco Baptista (1989–1993), Erni Wienthauper (1993–1999), Reinaldo Beserra (2000–2004), Marcos Volcan (2005–2012), Katia Zavaris (2013–2019) and Vinícius Simões (2020–2025). A formal juridical constitution date for the Council is still not stated by the official source; the documented national presidency begins in 1989. Its annual Encontro Nacional de Formadores (ENF) is billed as the movement's largest formation gathering — a recurring event, not a datable founding milestone.[7] [44]

https://rccbrasil.org.br/

Canção Nova

Founded 1978 · Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil

Community plus the Fundação João Paulo II and the Canção Nova communication system (TV, radio, web); pontifical recognition 2008.[45] [46]

https://comunidadecancaonova.com/

Comunidade Católica Shalom

Founded 1982 · Fortaleza, Brazil

New community with international presence; definitive pontifical recognition 2012.[20] [21]

https://comshalom.org/

Obra de Maria

Founded 1990 · Recife, Brazil

Pilgrimage-and-missions community; ~5,000 missionaries (self-declared, attributed).[24] [25]

Associação do Senhor Jesus / Rede Século 21

Founded 1980 / 1990 · Valinhos, Brazil

Dougherty's media association and its TV network.[18] [23]

ICCRO → ICCRS → CHARIS

The international office (Brussels, then Rome), recognized 1993 as ICCRS, replaced in 2019 by CHARIS under the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life.[26] [40]

Covenant communities (international)

Word of God (1967), People of Praise (South Bend, 1971), Sword of the Spirit (1982/83), Catholic Fraternity (ceased 2019 into CHARIS); the 1990s authoritarianism controversies around the Word of God are documented criticism, labeled as such. Critics and former members have likewise described People of Praise's covenant governance and defined gender roles (a member's 'head'; the 'woman leader' role, until 2017 called 'handmaid') as authoritarian — attributed criticism that drew wide media scrutiny in 2020 around Judge Amy Coney Barrett's reported association; the community states that members retain freedom of conscience under such direction. Both perspectives are recorded, attributed, not adjudicated here. The Mother of God Community (Gaithersburg, Maryland) belongs to the same thread: Cardinal James A. Hickey ordered an assessment in 1994 and addressed the community on 23 September 1995 about lay leaders holding 'too much personal authority over other people's lives'. Michael Scanlan TOR led the Servants of Christ the King until, per the encyclopedia record, he was asked to step down in 1991 over comparable concerns. Documented findings and attributed criticism, not adjudicated here.[22] [6] [55] [60] [63]

Disambiguation & nuance

The Renewal sits at several contested boundaries; these cards keep them straight.

RCC ≠ Protestant Pentecostalism

The movement shares practices (glossolalia, healing, praise worship) but is Catholic — sacramental, Marian, in communion with Rome, with explicit papal receptions from Paul VI (1975) to Leo XIV (2026). The 'pentecostalization of Catholicism' reading is a sociologists' framing (Prandi, Pew), not a self-description. Sympathetic narrators draw the line differently, and that divergence is itself data: CBN's 50th-anniversary feature (The 700 Club, a Protestant Pentecostal-charismatic broadcaster) tells one continuous Spirit-driven story running from Elena Guerra's letters to Leo XIII through the 1901 Kansas outpouring and the Azusa Street revival to Duquesne 1967 — presenting the Pentecostal origins as part of the same family history rather than as context. A further scholarly reading complicates the boundary in the other direction: Oro and Alves (Religião e Sociedade 33(1), 2013) argue that in recent years the RCC has also come to work as a point of rapprochement between Catholics and Pentecostals — shared repertoire, and joint encounters such as the 1st Meeting of Evangelical and Catholic Brothers (Lavrinhas, São Paulo, 30 April–1 May 2008), sponsored by TV Canção Nova and organised by the CNBB's episcopal commission for ecumenism. They also relay Carranza's periodization of the movement's implantation in Latin America in three phases: foundational (1960s–70s), social and cultural (1980s–90s, a routinization of the charism), and mediatic (from the 2000s, a 'preferential option for media culture'). Both are the researchers' framings, attributed.[12] [9] [32] [59] [37]

RCC vs Liberation Theology / CEBs

The reading that the Renewal 'competed' with the base communities and represented a 'conservative renewal' (the title of Prandi's study) belongs to academic commentators; the movement describes itself as complementary to the local Church. The liberation-theology side of that story lives in the sibling tl project.[9] [37]

Charismatic ≠ automatically conservative in politics

There is a 'Ministério Fé e Política' and there are RCC-linked candidates, but the case studies show heterogeneous and internally contested engagement — always attributed to the analysts.[34]

The movement ≠ the new communities

RCC Brasil (the ecclesial movement) and the 'new communities' (Canção Nova, Shalom, Obra de Maria) spring from the same charismatic current but hold distinct canonical statutes.[21] [46]

CHARIS: new service, not fusion

Press accounts spoke of a 'fusion' of ICCRS and the Catholic Fraternity; the Vatican and CHARIS insist CHARIS is a new service that ended both predecessors (9 June 2019). This site uses the Vatican's formulation.[40] [41]

References

64 sources · 64 with an Internet Archive fallback. Sources span the spectrum of perspectives by design; contested claims are attributed to their authors.

  1. Catholic Charismatic Renewal · 🗄 archived 2026-07-06 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  2. Duquesne Weekend · 🗄 archived 2025-10-17 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  3. Catholic Charismatic Renewal — Duquesne University library guide · 🗄 archived 2026-05-23 Duquesne University · academic
  4. Notre Dame and the beginnings of the Charismatic Renewal (Transatlantic Charismatic Renewal, Brill) · 🗄 archived 2023-04-12 Brill · academic
  5. Origins of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal in the United States · 🗄 archived 2024-11-14 Studies in World Christianity · academic
  6. Word of God (community) · 🗄 archived 2025-10-25 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  7. RCC Brasil — Nossa História · 🗄 archived 2026-07-20 RCC Brasil (movement source) · official
  8. RCC Campinas — Nossa História · 🗄 archived 2026-07-27 RCC Campinas (movement source) · official
  9. Reginaldo Prandi — Um Sopro do Espírito (USP, 1998) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-27 USP · academic
  10. The Malines Documents and Cardinal Suenens · 🗄 archived 2021-10-08 CHARIS (movement source) · official
  11. The Malines Documents · 🗄 archived 2026-03-17 Pentecost Today USA (movement source) · official
  12. Paul VI — Discours aux participants au IIIe Congrès international du renouveau charismatique catholique (19 May 1975, French original — the authoritative text; /it and /en pages are stubs) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-20 Holy See (vatican.va) · official
  13. Pentecost in St. Peter's (contemporary press, 1975) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-27 Christianity Today · news
  14. John Paul II — Address to the 4th international leaders' conference (7 May 1981) · 🗄 archived 2026-01-13 Holy See (vatican.va) · official
  15. Death of Msgr. Jonas Abib, founder of Canção Nova (December 2022) · 🗄 archived 2025-04-22 Vatican News · news
  16. Canção Nova — nota de falecimento de Monsenhor Jonas Abib · 🗄 archived 2026-03-17 Canção Nova (movement source) · official
  17. Eduardo Dougherty · 🗄 archived 2026-02-09 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  18. Associação do Senhor Jesus — Quem somos · 🗄 archived 2025-04-26 ASJ (movement source) · official
  19. CHARIS Formation — speakers (Cantalamessa, Moran, Scafuro biographies) · 🗄 archived 2023-06-06 CHARIS (movement source) · official
  20. Comunidade Católica Shalom · 🗄 archived 2026-02-10 Wikipedia (PT) · encyclopedia
  21. Shalom Catholic Community — Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life directory · 🗄 archived 2026-06-20 Holy See (Dicastery for Laity) · official
  22. Sword of the Spirit · 🗄 archived 2026-05-21 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  23. Rede Século 21 · 🗄 archived 2026-07-06 Wikipedia (PT) · encyclopedia
  24. Comunidade Obra de Maria · 🗄 archived 2022-03-11 Wiki Canção Nova (movement source) · encyclopedia
  25. Obra de Maria — um reduto de fé e evangelização (January 2025) · 🗄 archived 2025-02-07 Correio Braziliense · news
  26. ICCRS — About · 🗄 archived 2019-02-28 ICCRS (movement source) · official
  27. International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services — Pontifical Council for the Laity directory · 🗄 archived 2025-08-07 Holy See (laici.va) · official
  28. CNBB Documento 53 — Orientações Pastorais sobre a Renovação Carismática Católica (1994): official publisher, Edições CNBB (Documentos da CNBB catalog; the earlier direct product URL now redirects here after a site migration) · 🗄 archived 2026-05-12 Edições CNBB (official CNBB publisher) · official
  29. Documento 53 — Orientações Pastorais sobre a RCC (diocesan summary) · 🗄 archived 2026-04-11 Diocese de Taubaté · official
  30. CNBB Doc. 53 — full text (PDF mirror) · 🗄 archived 2025-07-23 Mirror (verify against CNBB original) · archive
  31. Músicas para Louvar ao Senhor · 🗄 archived 2025-09-29 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  32. Spirit and Power — a 10-country survey of Pentecostals (2006) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-08 Pew Research Center · academic
  33. Pope to visit 'Pentecostalized' Brazil (2007) · 🗄 archived 2026-01-23 Pew Research Center · academic
  34. The RCC of Paraná in elections (case study) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-27 Redalyc · academic
  35. REVER — study on the RCC (PUC-SP) · 🗄 archived 2024-05-27 REVER/PUC-SP · academic
  36. Instrução Normativa n.º 04/2021, de 20 de janeiro de 2021 — Ministério Fé e Política durante as eleições gerais · 🗄 archived 2026-01-24 Conselho Nacional do Movimento Eclesial Renovação Carismática Católica do Brasil (movement source — the movement’s own normative instruction) · official
  37. Academic study on the RCC and Brazilian Catholicism (SciELO) · 🗄 archived 2025-12-11 SciELO · academic
  38. Francis — Pentecost vigil at the Circus Maximus (3 June 2017) · 🗄 archived 2026-06-02 Holy See (vatican.va) · official
  39. Holy See Press Office bulletin — Golden Jubilee vigil (3 June 2017) · 🗄 archived 2026-03-31 Holy See Press Office · official
  40. CHARIS: a new service for the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (June 2019) · 🗄 archived 2025-08-05 Vatican News · news
  41. CHARIS enters into action (Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life, 2019) · 🗄 archived 2025-07-24 Holy See (Dicastery for Laity) · official
  42. Francis — Address to CHARIS (8 June 2019) · 🗄 archived 2026-02-07 Holy See (vatican.va) · official
  43. CHARIS moderator and international service of communion announced (2018) · 🗄 archived 2026-08-24 Pentecost Today USA (movement source) · official
  44. Conselho Nacional do Laicato — a RCC como organização filiada · 🗄 archived 2025-06-22 CNLB · official
  45. Canção Nova — Quem somos · 🗄 archived 2026-04-12 Canção Nova (movement source) · official
  46. Canção Nova — Reconhecimento Pontifício · 🗄 archived 2026-03-09 Canção Nova (movement source) · official
  47. Nota de falecimento — Padre Haroldo Rahm (RCC Brasil, 2024) · 🗄 archived 2019-12-06 RCC Brasil (movement source) · official
  48. Morre Padre Haroldo Rahm (Canção Nova Notícias, 2024) · 🗄 archived 2026-08-03 Canção Nova Notícias (movement source) · news
  49. Leo XIV — Address to the Charismatic Renewal (30 May 2026) · 🗄 archived 2026-06-05 Holy See (vatican.va) · official
  50. Pope Leo to the Charismatic Renewal: the Spirit leads to communion (May 2026) · 🗄 archived 2026-05-31 Vatican News · news
  51. CANTALAMESSA Card. Raniero, O.F.M. Cap. — biographical note ('nominato da Giovanni Paolo II Predicatore della Casa Pontificia nel 1980') · 🗄 archived 2025-11-15 Holy See Press Office (press.vatican.va) · official
  52. Orientações pastorais sobre a Renovação Carismática Católica (CNBB, 27.11.1994) — full text reproduction · 🗄 archived 2026-07-20 Veritatis Splendor (independent Catholic site — reproduces the Doc 53 text) · web
  53. Charismatic Communities Split by Controversy (16 September 1991) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-20 Christianity Today · news
  54. Communities falter under heavy hands (18 April 1997) · 🗄 archived 2025-03-27 National Catholic Reporter · news
  55. People of Praise · 🗄 archived 2026-07-11 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  56. Elena Guerra · 🗄 archived 2026-07-04 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  57. Letters of Blessed Elena Guerra to Leo XIII — English translation (PDF) · 🗄 archived 2025-07-15 Pentecost Today USA · official the US national service committee for the Catholic Charismatic Renewal — movement source, sympathetic; insider history
  58. Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region (13 November 2014; fieldwork Oct 2013 – Feb 2014) · 🗄 archived 2026-07-25 Pew Research Center · academic
  59. Fifty Years of the Catholic Charismatic Movement: 1967-2017 (Cheryl Wilcox) — print companion to the 700 Club segment · 🗄 archived 2023-09-22 CBN / The 700 Club · news Protestant (Pentecostal-charismatic) broadcaster reporting on a Catholic movement; sympathetic outside perspective, not disinterested (its own founding circle appears in the story)
  60. Mother of God Community · 🗄 archived 2026-03-24 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  61. Emmanuel Milingo · 🗄 archived 2026-07-06 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  62. Francis MacNutt · 🗄 archived 2025-12-30 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  63. Michael Scanlan (priest) · 🗄 archived 2026-02-21 Wikipedia (EN) · encyclopedia
  64. André Ricardo de Souza — As Investidas Católicas na Mídia (REVER, set. 2008, pp. 27–45) · 🗄 archived 2024-05-30 REVER — Revista de Estudos da Religião, PUC-SP · academic